Appendices

Appendix A - Scientific papers reporting Project PRIME results

Stedmon, A.W., McKenzie, D., Langham, M., McKechnie, K., Perry, R., and Wilson, S. (2021). Safeguarding motorcyclists: Trialing new PRIME road markings for casualty reduction. Transportation Research Part F: Psychology and Behaviour 83(2021), 333-350

Stedmon, A., McKenzie, D., Langham, M., McKechnie, K., Perry, R., and Wilson, S. (2022). Safer road users: Investigating the influence of PRIME road markings on motorcycle rider behaviour. Transportation Research Part F: Psychology and Behaviour 83(2021), 368-385

Stedmon, A., McKenzie, D., Langham, M., McKechnie, K., Perry, R., Wilson, S., Mackay, M. and Geddes, S. (2023). PRIME road markings for motorcycle casualty reduction. In, D. Golightly, N. Balfe, and R. Charles (eds) Contemporary Ergonomics and Human Factors 2023, Chartered Institute of Ergonomics and Human Factors, 64-72

Stedmon, A., McKenzie, D., Langham, M., McKechnie, K., Perry, R., Wilson, S., Mackay, M. and Geddes, S. (2024). Participatory ergonomics: The design of PRIME road markings for motorcycle casualty reduction. In, D. Golightly, N. Balfe, and R. Charles (eds) Contemporary Ergonomics and Human Factors 2023, Chartered Institute of Ergonomics and Human Factors.

Stedmon, A., McKenzie, D., Langham, M., McKechnie, K., Perry, R., Wilson, S., Mackay, M. and Geddes, S. (2024). Project PRIME: Road markings for motorcycle casualty reduction (an overview of findings from 2020 to 2022). Ergonomics, 1-16.

Appendix B – Project PRIME trial site details

2020 sites

Site & Road	Bend direction	Location (What3words)
Appin House (A828)	Left	tasks.crunching.race
Appin House (A828)	Left	clots.fallback.warned
Kingshouse (A82)	Right	kipper.smirking.expose
Kingshouse (A82)	Left	bound.fond.grandest
Loch Lubhair (A85)	Left	funnels.vanish.snowstorm
Loch Lubhair (A85)	Right	stand.magic.pollution
Rob Roy’s Dip (A85)	Right	reserve.importing.liberty
Rob Roy’s Dip (A85)	Left	gates.equipment.rocks
Rob Roy’s Dip (A85)	Right	shuttle.conquests.takers
Rob Roy’s Dip (A85)	Left	lawfully.buckling.heap

2021 sites

Site & Road	Bend direction	Location (What3words)
Taynuilt (A85)	Left	goodbye.cherry.seeing
Inveruglas (A82)	Left	arch.admires.flashback
Runacraig (A84)	Left	dearest.reclusive.manual
Runacraig (A84)	Left	brimmed.moral.dives
Dunira (A85)	Left	finally.universes.choice
Bonawe (A85)	Left	ballots.narrowest.conveys

2022 sites

Site & Road	Bend direction	Location (What3words)
Dailnamac (A85)	Left	loaf.deed.alpha
Pulpit Rock (A82)	Left	tango.regularly.robe
Butterbridge (A83)	Left	puzzled.applied.novelists
Middle Kames (A83)	Left	friday.targeted.height
Salmon Draught (A83)	Left	draw.snapping.decimals
Salmon Draught (A83)	Left	fearfully.hike.magnets

Appendix C – Project PRIME trial site characteristics

Site characteristics (Speed - Gradient - Approach)	(Location)	Speed limit (mph)	85th% percentile speed range (mph)
Slow downhill from a bend	Appin House North	60	40.5
Slow downhill from a straight	Runacraig North	60	41.3
Slow flat from a bend	Pulpit Rock	50	40.7
Slow flat from a bend	Loch Lubhair West (RH)	60	42.7 (RH)
Slow flat from a straight	Rob Roys Dip East (RH)	60	47.1 (RH)
Slow flat from a straight	Dunira	60	47.9
Slow uphill from a bend	Bonawe	60	42.9
Slow uphill from a straight	Runacraig South	60	40.7
Slow uphill from a straight	Inveruglas	50	40.8
Fast downhill from a bend	Rob Roys Dip East	60	51.6
Fast downhill from a bend	Rob Roys Dip West (RH)	60	53.2 (RH)
Fast downhill from a straight	Dailnamac	60	49.7
Fast downhill from a straight	Butterbridge	60	55.9
Fast flat from a bend	Loch Lubhair East	60	53.7
Fast flat from a straight	Salmon Draft North	60	52.6
Fast flat from a straight	Appin House South	60	52.8
Fast flat from a straight	Salmon Draft South	60	53.7
Fast flat from a straight	Kingshouse South	60	63.9
Fast uphill from a bend	Middle Kames	60	50.7
Fast uphill from a bend	Rob Roys Dip west	60	51.6
Fast uphill from a straight	Taynuilt	60	53.1
Fast uphill from a straight	Kingshouse North (RH)	60	59.7 (RH)

RH = Right hand bend

Appendix D – Project PRIME trial site results

Key

• Sig – statistically significant results for behaviour change observed
• Trend – trends in the data observed (i.e. not statistically significant but almost)
• N/A – no behaviour change was observed

2020

Site	Speed	Position at PRIME	Position at Apex	Braking	Use of Gateway
Appin House north	N/A	Sig	N/A	N/A	Trend
Appin House south	Sig	Sig	Sig	Trend	Sig
Kingshouse north	Trend	Sig	N/A	N/A	Sig
Kingshouse south	N/A	Sig	Sig	Trend	N/A
Loch Lubhair east	N/A	Sig	Sig	Sig/Trend	Sig
Loch Lubhair west	Sig	Sig	Sig	Sig	Sig
Rob Roy's Dip east 1	N/A	Sig	N/A	Trend	Sig
Rob Roy's Dip east 2	N/A	Sig	Sig	Trend	Sig
Rob Roy's Dip west 1	Sig	Sig	Sig	Trend	Sig
Rob Roy's Dip west 2	Sig	Sig	Sig	Trend	Sig

2021

Site	Speed	Position at PRIME	Position at Apex	Braking	Use of Gateway
Taynuilt	Sig	N/A	Sig	Trend	Sig
Inveruglas	Trend	Trend	Sig	Sig	Trend
Runacraig - north	Sig	Trend	N/A	N/A	Sig
Runacraig - south	Sig	Trend	N/A	Sig	Sig
Dunira	Sig	Sig	Sig	Sig/Trend	Sig
Bonawe	Sig	N/A	Trend	Trend	Trend
Landrick Bends	no effect	no effect	no effect	Trend	no effect

2022

Site	Speed	Position at PRIME	Position at Apex	Braking	Use of Gateway
Dailnamac	N/A	Sig	Sig	Sig/Trend	Sig
Pulpit Rock	N/A	N/A	Sig	Sig/Trend	Sig
Butterbridge	N/A	Sig	N/A	Trend	Sig
Middle Kames	Trend	Sig	N/A	Sig	Sig
Salmon Draft - north	Sig	N/A	N/A	Sig/Trend	Sig
Salmon Draft - south	Trend	Sig	Sig	N/A	Sig
Carrick	no effect	no effect	no effect	no effect	no effect

Appendix E – PRIME traffic sign design and dimensions

Appendix F – PRIME road marking design and dimensions

Appendix G - Site images

Appendix H - List of contributors

Open Road Simulation

• Prof Alex Stedmon
• Dr Martin Langham

Transport Scotland

• David McKenzie
• Richard Perry
• Stuart Wilson
• Morag Mackay

BEAR Scotland

• Kevin McKechnie
• Stuart Geddes